Abstract Play and playful elements have been part of human history since time immemorial, almost always being present in educational processes. Given that gamification increases motivation and attitude towards learning, improves spatial cognition, visual attention and problem solving, implies satisfactory consequences in the commitment, fosters retention capacity and optimizes the academic results of the students, it is convenient to offer pedagogical update on this topic to the different educational agents. The purpose of this research is to know the training in gamification of a group of professionals of a Foundation for people with intellectual disabilities, before and after conducting a specific workshop on said methodology, analyzing possible significant differences and size of the effect between pretest and posttest, depending on some situational variables. In addition, it is intended to obtain professional profiles, taking into account these variables and the training level in gamification, before and after the development of the workshop. After the study, a quantitative increase was observed in the teachers' responses, between the pretest and the posttest, with the differences between the two applications of the questionnaire being significant and the size of these differences far exceeding the critical value established by Cohen.

Resumen El juego y los elementos lúdicos forman parte de la historia de la humanidad desde tiempos inmemoriales, estando casi siempre presentes en los procesos educativos. Dado que la gamificación incrementa la motivación y actitud hacia el aprendizaje, mejora la cognición espacial, la atención visual y la resolución de problemas, implica consecuencias satisfactorias en el compromiso, fomenta la capacidad de retención y optimiza los resultados académicos del alumnado, resulta conveniente ofrecer actualización pedagógica en este tema a los distintos agentes educativos. El propósito de esta investigación es conocer la formación en gamificación de un grupo de profesionales de una Fundación para personas con discapacidad intelectual, antes y después de realizar un taller específico sobre dicha metodología, analizando posibles diferencias significativas y tamaño del efecto entre pretest y postest, en función de algunas variables situacionales. Además, se pretende obtener perfiles profesionales, atendiendo a dichas variables y al nivel formativo en gamificación, antes y después del desarrollo del taller. Tras el estudio, se observa un aumento cuantitativo en las respuestas de los docentes, entre el pretest y el postest, siendo las diferencias entre sendas aplicaciones del cuestionario significativas y superando con creces el tamaño de estas diferencias el valor crítico establecido por Cohen.

Resumo O jogo e os elementos lúdicos fazem parte da história da humanidade desde tempos imemoriais, estando quase sempre presentes nos processos educativos. Dado que a gamificação melhora a motivação e a atitude perante a aprendizagem, melhora a cognição espacial, a atenção visual e a resolução de problemas, implica consequências satisfatórias no engajamento, promove a capacidade de retenção e otimiza os resultados académicos dos alunos, é conveniente oferecer atualização pedagógica sobre este assunto aos diferentes agentes educacionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer a formação em gamificação de um grupo de profissionais de uma Fundação para pessoas com deficiência intelectual, antes e após a realização de um workshop específico sobre a referida metodologia, analisando possíveis diferenças significativas e tamanho de efeito entre pré e pós-teste, dependendo de algumas variáveis situacionais. Além disso, pretende-se obter perfis profissionais, tendo em conta essas variáveis e o nível de formação em gamificação, antes e depois do workshop. Após o estudo, observou-se um aumento quantitativo nas respostas dos professores entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste, sendo as diferenças entre as duas aplicações do questionário significativas, e o valor crítico estabelecido por Cohen superando em muito o tamanho destas diferenças.

Aim: To describe the design and creation of a high-fidelity thoracic trauma surgery simulation model incorporating 3D printing technology using a cadaveric human torso as a model. Materials and Method: This is a descriptive study that aims to illustrate the creation process of a thoracic trauma surgery simulation model throughout the incorporation of prototypes and dynamic iteration technologies. Results: A high-fidelity reusable thoracic trauma surgery simulation model was created from the digitalization of a cadaveric torso using a computed tomography scan. Throughout digital reconstruction tools, the subcutaneous, muscular, and skeletal structures were modeled from images obtained before and after an anterolateral thoracotomy. Using 3D printing and synthetic materials, a high-fidelity thoracic cavity was built so that perfused and ventilated porcine heart and lungs could be placed. A thoracotomy patch for the anterolateral thoracotomy was designed in a reusable and low-cost fashion. This simulation model is suitable for high fidelity training in the surgical management of cardiopulmonary traumatic injuries. Conclusion: The described methodology allowed the creation of a simulation model for training and assessment of surgical skills in thoracic trauma. The main components of the simulation model are made from reusable materials, broadening access to low-cost, high fidelity training.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar la elaboración de un simulador de trauma torácico de alta fidelidad elaborado mediante modelamiento e impresión 3D a partir de un torso humano cadavérico. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo del desarrollo de un simulador de trauma torácico utilizando metodología centrada en el prototipado y la iteración basada en testeos. Resultados: Se elaboró un simulador reutilizable mediante la digitalización de un torso cadavérico utilizando tomografía computada. Se realizó una reconstrucción digital del torso diseñando los planos subcutáneos, muscular y óseo en base a las imágenes del paciente pre y postoracotomía anterolateral. Utilizando impresión 3D y materiales sintéticos, se elaboró la caja torácica para luego instalar un corazón y pulmón porcino ventilado y perfundido. Los parches de la toracotomía son reemplazables y de bajo costo. En conjunto, este simulador permite el entrenamiento en manejo de lesiones traumáticas cardiacas y pulmonares de alta fidelidad. Conclusión: La metodología presentada permite la creación de un modelo para el entrenamiento y evaluación de habilidades quirúrgicas en trauma torácico. Los elementos principales del simulador son reutilizables y permiten mantener bajos los costos del entrenamiento.

RESUMO Racional: Trauma é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo e cuidados cirúrgicos adequados são críticos para determinar a mortalidade. No Chile, morte associada a trauma é a primeira causa de mortalidade na população entre 20 e 59 anos. Para lidar com esses pacientes complexos, são necessárias habilidades cirúrgicas precisas para esses procedimentos. Autoconfiança de cirurgiões recentemente graduados na Residência em Cirurgia Geral para práticas de procedimentos de trauma no nosso país não tem sido reportada. Objetivo: Descrever nível de autoconfiança para lidar com procedimentos de trauma em cirurgiões recentemente graduados na residência de cirurgia geral. Método: Estudo transversal. Foi desenhada e aplicada uma enquete em 2015, 2016 e 2017 a cirurgiões recentemente graduados para pesquisar sobre autoconfiança e habilidades cirúrgicas para lidar com cenários de trauma. Foram avaliados 18 procedimentos cirúrgicos de trauma (incluindo procedimentos cervicais, torácicos, abdominais e vasculares) usando a 5-grade Likert Scale. O número total de procedimentos feitos durante a residência foi avaliado. Resultados: Foram incluídos 88 cirurgiões recentemente graduados. O nível de competência foi reportado como alto em procedimentos como trauma intestinal, onde 98% sentiu-se competente ou muito competente em sua reparação. Por outro lado, em traumas complexos como dano vascular maior, até 76% reportaram não se sentirem competentes. A autoconfiança nos procedimentos esteve diretamente associada com o número de procedimentos realizados. Conclusões: Cirurgiões recentemente graduados na residência de cirurgia geral reportam níveis altos de confiança para lidar com traumas de complexidade baixa e média, mas um nível menor de confiança para tratar casos de complexidade alta.

ABSTRACT Background: Trauma is one of the leading causes of death in the world and proper surgical care is critical to impact mortality. In Chile, trauma associated death ranks first as mortality cause in population between 20 and 59 years old. Appropriate surgical skills are required to deal with these complex patients. Self-confidence to practice trauma procedures after the General Surgery Residency have not been reported in our country. Aim: Describe the level of self-confidence to deal with trauma procedures of surgeons who recently graduated from a General Surgery Residency. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study. We designed and applied a survey in 2015, 2016 and 2017 to recently graduated surgeons, to inquire about self-confidence of surgical skills to deal with trauma scenarios. Eighteen trauma surgery procedures (including cervical, thoracic, abdominal and vascular procedures) were evaluated using a 5-grade Likert scale. The number of procedures performed during the residency was also queried. Results: Eighty-eight recently graduated surgeons from 11 different training programs in Chile were included. The report of competencies was high in procedures such as intestinal injuries, were 98% felt competent or very competent in their repair. On the other hand, in complex traumas such as major vessel injury, up to 76% reported not being competent. Self-confidence on procedures was directly associated with the number of procedures performed during residency. Conclusions: Recently graduated surgeons from General Surgery Programs report high levels of confidence to deal with low and intermediate complexity traumas, but a lower level of confidence to treat high complexity cases.

El presente estudio, a partir de la opinión de los estudiantes de las diferentes titulaciones del ámbito de la Educación, valora el empleo de una metodología docente gamificada con Kahoot en la enseñanza universitaria, donde el smartphone se convierte en un recurso educativo. Para ello, se lleva a cabo una investigación no experimental de carácter descriptivo, aplicando un cuestionario electrónico a una muestra de 241 estudiantes de Educación Primaria (69), Educación Infantil (78), Pedagogía (73) y Educación Social (29). Los resultados obtenidos muestran como los alumnos valoran positivamente el empleo de Kahoot, sobre todo como herramienta de autoevaluación. Además evidencian que les satisface su uso formativo y que, como futuros docentes, la emplearían. Sin embargo, a pesar de que reconocen que la metodología gamificada aumenta su motivación por la materia, no están convencidos de que sea más efectiva que otras metodologías tradicionales.

The present study, based on the opinion of the students of the different degrees in the field of Education, evaluates the use of a teaching methodology gamified with Kahoot in higher education, where the smartphone becomes an educational resource. To this end, a non-experimental research of a descriptive nature is carried out, applying an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 241 students in Primary Education degree (69), Pre-school Education degree (78), Pedagogy degree (73) and Social Education degree (29). The results obtained show how the student’s value positively the use of Kahoot, above all as a self-evaluation tool. They also show that they are satisfied with its educational use and that, as future teachers, they would use it. However, although they recognize that the gamma methodology increases their motivation for the subject, they are not convinced that it is more effective than other traditional methodologies.

Background: Trauma is the main cause of death among people aged 5 to 44 years. Aim: To describe features, treatment and evolution of trauma patients admitted to an emergency room. Material and Methods: Adult patients admitted in the emergency department of a public hospital due to severe trauma were studied and followed during their hospital stay. Results: We included 114 patients aged 40 ± 17 years (78%men) with an injury severity score of 21 ± 11. Trauma was penetrating in 43%. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was the most common diagnosis in 46%. In the emergency room, 8% had hypotension, 5% required vasopressors and 23% required mechanical ventilation. The initial lactate was 3.6 ± 2.9 mmol/L. Sixty-five patients (57%) required emergency surgery. The intraoperative lactate was 3 ± 1.7 mmol/L and 20% required vasopressors. Sixty-four patients (56%) were admitted to the ICU, with APACHEII and SOFA scores of 16 ± 8 and 5 ± 3, respectively. ICU lactate was 3.2±1.5 mmol/L. In the ICU 40% required vasopressors and 63% mechanical ventilation. Thirty two percent had coagulopathy, 43% received transfusions and 10% required massive transfusions. The hospital stay was 13 (6-32) days, being significantly longer in patients with TBI. ICU and hospital mortalities were 12.5 and 18.4% respectively. The only predictor for mortality was the APACHEII score (Hazard Ratio 1.18, 95% confidence intervals 1.03-1.36). Conclusions: APACHE score was a predictor of mortality in this group of patients.

The solitary fibrous tumor is uncommon. Even though it frequently locates in the pleura, a few cases have been reported in the retroperitoneum. Differentiation from other neoplasms is difficult, and therefore the diagnosis is always attained through histological examination. Although solitary fibrous tumors have variable clinical behaviors, a better comprehension of the location and its imaging characteristics would help to decrease the list of differential diagnoses. We report a solitary fibrous tumor located in the retroperitoneum whose diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination.

El tumor fibroso solitario es raro. Si bien su localización más frecuente es la pleura, han sido informados algunos casos de ubicación retroperitoneal. Es difícil diferenciarlo imagenológicamente de otras neoplasias, por lo que casi siempre el diagnóstico es histológico. Dado que los tumores fibrosos solitarios tienen presentaciones clínicas muy diversas, una mejor compresión de la ubicación y sus características imagenológicas ayudaría a abreviar la lista de diagnósticos diferenciales. Comunicamos un tumor fibroso solitario de localización retroperitoneal cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado por examen histológico.

Se estudió la presencia de residuos de diez plaguicidas organofosforados (POPs) en tomates adquiridos en la central de abastos y en una cadena de supermercados de Bogotá, usando extracción líquido-líquido (LLE) y determinación analítica mediante un equipo de Cromatografía de Gases de Alta Resolución (HRGC) - Detector Fotométrico de Llama (FPD). Los plaguicidas analizados fueron: Clorfevinfos, Clorpirifos, Demeton O, Demeton S, Diclorofentión, Dimetoato, Famfur, Leptofos, Metilparation y Triclorfon. Se analizaron diez muestras obtenidas en la central mayoritaria de abastos y ocho muestras de una cadena de supermercados de las cuales el 55% presentó contaminación con Dimetoato, aunque ninguna sobrepasó el límite máximo de residuos (LMR) de 1 mg/kg establecido por el Codex alimentario. También se encontraron residuos de Metilparatíon y Clorfevinfos, en ambos casos dentro de los límites permitidos.

The presence of ten organophosphorus pesticides was studied in tomatoes acquired from markets in Bogotá (Colombia), using Liquid-liquid Extraction (LLE) and High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) with flame photometric detector (FPD). The pesticides analyzed were: Chlorfevinphos, Chlorpyrifos, Demeton O, Demeton S, Dichlofenthion, Dimethoate, Famphur, Leptophos and Trichlorfon. Eighteen samples were analyzed in which fifty five percent were contaminated with Dimethoate. Dimethoate levels in the contaminated samples were below the maximun residue levels (MRL) of 1 mg/kg established by the Codex alimentarius. Residues of Methyl parathion and Chlorfevinphos were also found, below the MRL.